Contraindicated / High risk. Use only under practitioner supervision.
TCM Properties
- Taste
- pungent, bitter, salty
- Temperature
- slightly warm
- Channels
- Liver
Traditional Use
Primary Actions
- Pacifies the Liver and subdues rising yang - Ci Ji Li is widely used for headache, dizziness, irritability, and upward-rushing Liver activity.
- Soothes Liver qi and relieves constraint - it appears when emotional stagnation creates chest or rib-side discomfort, breast distention, or pressure headaches.
- Dispels wind and brightens the eyes - traditional use includes red, painful, itchy, or visually obscured eyes linked to Liver channel disturbance.
- Stops itching - it is commonly added for urticaria, pruritic eruptions, and skin disorders where wind is considered the main pathogen.
Secondary Actions
- This record uses the thorny-fruit name Ci Ji Li, helping distinguish Tribulus fruit from Sha Yuan Ji Li, which is a different seed herb with a tonifying profile.
- Processing usually removes the hard spines and may include stir-baking, which reduces roughness and improves practical dispensing.
Classic Formulas
- Liver-constraint formulas pair Ci Ji Li with Chai Hu or Xiang Fu for headache, breast distention, and emotional stagnation.
- Eye-focused formulas combine it with Ju Hua or Jue Ming Zi when Liver heat, wind, or rising yang affects vision.
- Skin and itching formulas pair it with Fang Feng, Chan Tui, or other wind-dispelling herbs for urticaria and diffuse pruritus.
Classical References
- Me and Qi presents Ji Li as a Liver-focused herb that calms yang, soothes constraint, brightens the eyes, and relieves itching.
- Traditional herbology repeatedly warns not to confuse Tribulus fruit with Sha Yuan Ji Li, whose action is tonic and securing rather than dispersing and Liver-soothing.
Modern Research
Active Compounds
- Protodioscin and related steroidal saponins - the best-known constituents in Tribulus supplement research
- Tribulosin and other saponin fractions - compounds discussed in vascular and metabolic studies
- Flavonoids - antioxidant constituents reported in Tribulus phytochemistry
- Beta-carboline alkaloids - minor constituents relevant to some safety discussions
Studied Effects
- A 2014 systematic review examined Tribulus terrestris and the roots of its putative aphrodisiac and performance-enhancing reputation, finding the evidence mixed and often weak in humans (PMID 24559105).
- A 2020 cell study reported protective effects of Tribulus terrestris against oxidative-stress injury through PI3K/Akt-Nrf2 signaling, illustrating the herb's largely preclinical modern literature (PMID 32774685).
- A 2016 clinical study explored Tribulus extract in women with diabetes and reported effects on serum glucose and lipids, reflecting ongoing metabolic interest but limited high-quality clinical depth (PMID 27840471).
PubMed References
Safety & Interactions
Contraindications
- Pregnancy
- Use without supervision in hormone-sensitive or prostate-related conditions
- Marked deficiency patterns without clear Liver wind, Liver yang, or qi stagnation features
Cautions
- MSK reports gastrointestinal irritation as well as case reports of severe liver, kidney, neurologic toxicities, and priapism with Tribulus use.
- Commercial sports and libido supplements are not equivalent to traditional processed decoction fruit and may deliver much higher exposures.
- Due to potential hormonal activity, prostate-cancer patients are advised by MSK to consult their physicians before using Tribulus.
Drug Interactions
- Diuretics - Tribulus may increase diuretic effects
- Antihypertensive drugs - Tribulus may have additive blood-pressure-lowering effects
- Antidiabetics - Tribulus may have additive blood-sugar-lowering effects
- Clopidogrel - an herbal formula containing Tribulus has been associated with stent thrombosis