Puncturevine Fruit

Chinese
刺蒺藜
Pinyin
Ci Ji Li
Latin
Fructus Tribuli

TCM Properties

Taste
pungent, bitter, salty
Temperature
slightly warm
Channels
Liver

Traditional Use

Primary Actions

  • Pacifies the Liver and subdues rising yang - Ci Ji Li is widely used for headache, dizziness, irritability, and upward-rushing Liver activity.
  • Soothes Liver qi and relieves constraint - it appears when emotional stagnation creates chest or rib-side discomfort, breast distention, or pressure headaches.
  • Dispels wind and brightens the eyes - traditional use includes red, painful, itchy, or visually obscured eyes linked to Liver channel disturbance.
  • Stops itching - it is commonly added for urticaria, pruritic eruptions, and skin disorders where wind is considered the main pathogen.

Secondary Actions

  • This record uses the thorny-fruit name Ci Ji Li, helping distinguish Tribulus fruit from Sha Yuan Ji Li, which is a different seed herb with a tonifying profile.
  • Processing usually removes the hard spines and may include stir-baking, which reduces roughness and improves practical dispensing.

Classic Formulas

  • Liver-constraint formulas pair Ci Ji Li with Chai Hu or Xiang Fu for headache, breast distention, and emotional stagnation.
  • Eye-focused formulas combine it with Ju Hua or Jue Ming Zi when Liver heat, wind, or rising yang affects vision.
  • Skin and itching formulas pair it with Fang Feng, Chan Tui, or other wind-dispelling herbs for urticaria and diffuse pruritus.

Classical References

  • Me and Qi presents Ji Li as a Liver-focused herb that calms yang, soothes constraint, brightens the eyes, and relieves itching.
  • Traditional herbology repeatedly warns not to confuse Tribulus fruit with Sha Yuan Ji Li, whose action is tonic and securing rather than dispersing and Liver-soothing.

Modern Research

Active Compounds

  • Protodioscin and related steroidal saponins - the best-known constituents in Tribulus supplement research
  • Tribulosin and other saponin fractions - compounds discussed in vascular and metabolic studies
  • Flavonoids - antioxidant constituents reported in Tribulus phytochemistry
  • Beta-carboline alkaloids - minor constituents relevant to some safety discussions

Studied Effects

  • A 2014 systematic review examined Tribulus terrestris and the roots of its putative aphrodisiac and performance-enhancing reputation, finding the evidence mixed and often weak in humans (PMID 24559105).
  • A 2020 cell study reported protective effects of Tribulus terrestris against oxidative-stress injury through PI3K/Akt-Nrf2 signaling, illustrating the herb's largely preclinical modern literature (PMID 32774685).
  • A 2016 clinical study explored Tribulus extract in women with diabetes and reported effects on serum glucose and lipids, reflecting ongoing metabolic interest but limited high-quality clinical depth (PMID 27840471).

PubMed References

Safety & Interactions

Contraindications

  • Pregnancy
  • Use without supervision in hormone-sensitive or prostate-related conditions
  • Marked deficiency patterns without clear Liver wind, Liver yang, or qi stagnation features

Cautions

  • MSK reports gastrointestinal irritation as well as case reports of severe liver, kidney, neurologic toxicities, and priapism with Tribulus use.
  • Commercial sports and libido supplements are not equivalent to traditional processed decoction fruit and may deliver much higher exposures.
  • Due to potential hormonal activity, prostate-cancer patients are advised by MSK to consult their physicians before using Tribulus.

Drug Interactions

  • Diuretics - Tribulus may increase diuretic effects
  • Antihypertensive drugs - Tribulus may have additive blood-pressure-lowering effects
  • Antidiabetics - Tribulus may have additive blood-sugar-lowering effects
  • Clopidogrel - an herbal formula containing Tribulus has been associated with stent thrombosis

Conditions