Contraindicated / High risk. Use only under practitioner supervision.
TCM Properties
- Taste
- bitter, sweet
- Temperature
- cool
- Channels
- Lung, Liver
Traditional Use
Primary Actions
- Clears heat and resolves toxin; treats carbuncles, sores, and infectious inflammatory conditions
- Stops cough and calms wheezing; used for bronchitis, pneumonia, and asthma
- Prevents and treats malaria; traditional use in Yunnan province for febrile malarial patterns
Secondary Actions
- Promotes urination and clears damp-heat in the lower jiao; treats urethritis and cystitis
- Clears liver heat and supports liver function in hepatitis and gastroenteritis patterns
- Transforms phlegm-heat in the Lung; relieves chest oppression with thick yellow sputum
Classical References
- Regional folk medicine — Yunnan province (southwest China); commonly known as Huang Hua Di Ding (yellow-flower ground-nail) and used for cough, phlegm accumulation, and anti-inflammatory conditions
Modern Research
Active Compounds
- Neocroalbidine (pyrrolizidine alkaloid)
- Neocroalbidinone (pyrrolizidine alkaloid)
- 2"-isopropenyl dihydrofuran isoflavonoids (novel compounds 1 and 3)
- 2"-isopropenyl dihydrofuran chromone (novel compound 2)
- Flavonoids (16 compounds isolated from aerial parts)
Studied Effects
- Anti-obesity — isoflavonoids inhibit adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells via PPAR-γ pathway suppression (PMID 26285147)
- Anti-inflammatory — genus-wide activity confirmed across multiple Crotalaria species
- Antimicrobial — demonstrated against bacterial and fungal pathogens in Crotalaria genus studies
- Hepatotoxic potential — pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are metabolised by CYP3A4/CYP2A6 to reactive pyrroles that cause hepatocyte nuclear damage
PubMed References
Safety & Interactions
Contraindications
- Pre-existing liver disease or elevated liver enzymes — pyrrolizidine alkaloids are directly hepatotoxic
- Pregnancy — pyrrolizidine alkaloids are fetotoxic; contraindicated throughout all trimesters
- Paediatric use — immature hepatic metabolism increases PA toxicity risk
- Concurrent hepatotoxic drug therapy — additive liver damage risk
Cautions
- Limit duration of use; pyrrolizidine alkaloids accumulate and cause cumulative hepatotoxicity
- Use with caution in renal impairment — nephrotoxic potential reported for pyrrolizidine class
- Monitor for signs of pulmonary hypertension with extended use; monocrotaline-type PAs implicated in vascular toxicity
- Cool thermal nature — use cautiously in cold-deficiency patterns, chronic diarrhea, or poor digestion
Drug Interactions
-
CYP3A4 and CYP2A6 substrates and inhibitors
— Pyrrolizidine alkaloids are metabolised via CYP3A4 and CYP2A6 to hepatotoxic pyrrole intermediates; CYP inhibitors may reduce detoxification and increase toxicity; CYP inducers may accelerate formation of toxic pyrroles (High)
Source: PMC6032134 — Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids: Chemistry, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Food Safety
-
Hepatotoxic drugs (methotrexate, isoniazid, valproate, statins)
— Additive hepatotoxic effect; simultaneous use of PA-containing herbs and hepatotoxic pharmaceuticals significantly raises risk of sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS/VOD) (High)
Source: PMC8508847 — Metabolic Toxification of 1,2-Unsaturated Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids Causes Human Hepatic Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome